도해 한국건축사 기본이론(2025 국가유산수리기술자 시험대비)

| 전면 개정판(2025) 머리말

 

지난 新訂 5版의 조기 품절에 대해 죄송한 마음과 감사의 말씀을 전합니다.

 

본 전면 개정판은 ‘All-In-One 스타일’로 그간 누적된 기출문제와 관련이론을 빠짐없이 담았습니다. 필자의 욕심으로 불가피하게 양이 늘어난 점 양해를 구합니다.

 

한국건축사는 국가유산수리기술자 자격시험의 중요한 객관식 시험과목입니다.

 

적어도 자격시험에 있어서, 객관식 및 주관식 불문하고 한국건축사를 비롯한 모든 시험과목의 공부는 단기간 내에 기본이론을 숙지하고 바로 기출문제를 분석해야 합니다.

 

기출문제는 동일ㆍ유사한 지문이 빈번하게 그대로 출제되기도 하며, 출제기준으로 작용하여 기본이론의 공부방향을 터득하는 데 필수입니다. 대다수 수험생들은 이 같은 수험공부 방향은 간과한 채 기출문제를 등한시하고 기본이론 공부에만 얽매여 수년의 시간을 허비하고 있습니다. 여러분들은 연구자가 아닌 수험생임을 늘 명심해야 합니다.

 

따라서 본서와 강의를 가지고 한국건축사에 대한 기본이론을 빨리 습득하신 후, 바로 기출풀

이와 강의로 넘어가셔야 합니다.

 

2024년도 한국건축사 과목에서 여전히 기존 기출문제와 동일 또는 유사한 지문이 반복되어 출제되었고, 길지 않은 수험기간에도 필자의 강의 수강 후 법령 및 한국건축사 과목을 고득점하고 합격하신 분의 수강후기를 볼 때 본서의 저술방식과 필자의 강의방식이 옳았다고 자신 있게 자평(自評)합니다.

 

다시 말씀드리지만 본서는 국내 출판된 저명 교수님들의 교과서를 짜깁기한 한국건축사 ‘강의노트’입니다. 따라서 기재된 내용보다 필자의 강의수강을 통해서 여러분이 채워 넣으실 내용이 더 많습니다. 이점 유의하셔서 본서를 구입하시길 바랍니다.

 

본서는 수험공부 방향을 제시하기 위한 것으로, 반드시 필자의 강의가 수반되어야 그 효과가 증대됩니다. 따라서 본서의 강약(强弱)조절과 시간절약 그리고 정확한 이해를 위해 서 필자의 강의를 수강하시길 강권(强勸)합니다.

 

본서를 통하여 여러분이 시험에 자신감을 갖게 되고 자격증 취득 기간을 단축할 수 있다면

필자는 더 없는 큰 기쁨을 얻을 것입니다.

 

본 지면을 빌어 제 삶을 주관하시는 하나님, 맏아들의 건강과 행복을 늘 기도하시는 부모님과 동생들 그리고 아내 한혜정과 아들 예선에게 감사드립니다. 더불어 본서의 출판과 동영상강의출시에 도움을 주신 ‘법률저널’ 및 ‘1타에듀’ 임직원 여러분께 감사드립니다.

 

시험을 준비하는 수험생 여러분, 부디 소망을 이루기를 기원합니다.

 

2024년 8월

이 정 열

[목 차]
  

chap.Ⅰ 한국건축사 기본이론 1

제1강. 오리엔테이션 및 시대개요 ·································· 3

01. 한국건축사 교과서 소개 ······································ 5

02. 오리엔테이션 ··········································· 6

03. 한국건축사 개요 및 시대 분류 ·································· 7

04. 문화유산 분포도 ·········································· 10

 

제2강. 도성건축의 개요 ······································· 11

01. 도성건축의 정의 ·········································· 13

02. 도성건축의 배경이론 ······································· 14

 

제3강. 시대별 도성 건축 ····································· 17

01. 태동기의 도성 ··········································· 19

02. 고대사회의 도성: 고구려 ····································· 21

[임류각 지반(지정)] ······································ 24

02. 고대사회의 도성: 백제 ······································ 25

[부엽공법(敷葉⼯法)]: 나뭇가지깔기 공법 ····························· 27

02. 고대사회의 도성: 신라 ······································ 29

02. 고대사회의 도성: 발해 ······································ 30

03. 중세사회의 도성: 고려 ······································ 32

 

제4강. 고대사회의 궁궐건축 ····································· 37

01. 궁궐의 정의 및 조형 원리 ···································· 40

02. 고구려의 궁궐 ··········································· 41

03. 백제의 궁궐 ············································ 41

04. 고신라~통일신라의 궁궐 ····································· 42

[시대별 건축 주관관청] ····································· 43

05. 발해의 궁궐 ············································ 44

 

제5강. 중세사회의 궁궐건축 ····································· 45

01. 고려시대의 궁궐 ·········································· 48

[고려의 행정구역] [회경전 건물터] ································ 49

02. 조선시대의 궁궐 ·········································· 50

[경회루] [근정문] ········································ 52

[강녕전](침전) ·········································· 53

[사정전, 천추전, 만춘전](편전) ·································· 54

【경복궁 자경전 십장생 굴뚝(景福宮 慈慶殿 ⼗⾧⽣ : 1888년 건립, 보물 제810호)】······ 55

【편전의 구조】········································· 63

【조선 5대 궁궐의 특징】···································· 64

 

제6~7강. 고대사회의 불교건축 ··································· 67

01. 고대삼국의 불교 수용 ······································· 70

02. 고구려의 불교 건축사 ······································· 71

[오성좌(五星座)][아스카지(⾶⿃寺, 비조사)] ··························· 73

03. 백제의 불교 건축사 ········································ 74

[⽇本 사천왕사(四天王寺, 시텐노지)][⽇本 법륭사(호오류우지, 法隆寺)] [호류지(법륭사 法隆寺) 금당

및 5층탑] ············································ 75

[와적기단] ············································ 77

04. 고신라의 불교 건축사 ······································· 84

05. 통일신라 불교 건축사의 영향 ··································· 88

06. 통일신라(7~8C, 신라중대)의 불교 건축사 ···························· 89

【불국사 석축의 종류 및 특징】································· 94

【불국사 범영루】········································ 95

【석탑의 부재 명칭】······································· 100

[불국사 3층석탑] ········································ 101

[탑신의 통재화 경향] ······································ 101

07. 통일신라(9~10C, 신라하대)의 불교 건축사 ························· 102

[8각원당형 부도] ········································ 105

[석종형 부도] ········································· 105

【통일신라 석탑의 변화】····································· 106

08. 발해의 불교 건축사 ······································ 108

 

제8강. 중세/근세 사회의 불교건축 ································ 109

01. 고려전기의 불교 건축사 ····································· 112

02. 고려후기의 불교 건축사 ····································· 118

03. 조선초기의 불교 건축사 ····································· 126

[조선의 시대구분] [사찰의 삼중문제도] [불전의 명칭] ····················· 126

【무위사 극락(보)전】 1430 ·································· 128

04. 조선중기의 불교 건축사 ····································· 130

[감주/이주, 충량] ········································ 132

[사찰의 장식화 경향] ······································ 133

[중정형 가람] ········································· 133

【여수 흥국사 대웅전】 1624재건 ······························· 134

05 조선후기의 불교 건축사 ····································· 136

【대방(.房)】·········································· 136

【시대별 건축장인의 주체 변화】 【조선후기 건축장인의 주체.. 변화】················ 138

【건축장인 우두머리의 명칭 및 신분(위상)의 변화】······················· 140

【장식기와】 【잡상】······································· 142

 

제9강. 관아/객사/문묘/향교 건축 ································ 143

01. 관아의 정의 ·········································· 145

【궐내각사와 궐외각사】····································· 146

02. 고대시대의 관아 건축 ····································· 147

03. 중세시대의 관아 건축 ····································· 148

[읍성의 구조] [18C후~ : 장시의 발달] ···························· 149

【감영과 동헌의 구조】···································· 151

04. 객사 건축 ··········································· 152

05. 문묘 건축 ··········································· 154

【개성 문묘(성균관) 배치도】 【서울 문묘(성균관) 배치도】····················· 156

【서울 문묘】·········································· 157

06. 향교 건축 ··········································· 160

[향교와 서원의 배치구조] ··································· 161

【향교의 배치 유형별 분류】·································· 164

 

제10강. 관방건축 ········································ 165

01. 관방(關防) 건축의 규모 및 분포 ································ 167

02. 관방 건축의 태동 ······································· 168

03. 고대시대의 관방 건축 ····································· 168

04. 중세시대의 관방 건축 ····································· 172

【한양도성 축성방식의 변천 : 서울 한양도성 안내판】······················ 173

【한성(한양)】 【수원 화성】··································· 175

【수원 화성의 옹성】······································· 178

【주요 성곽의 특징】······································· 179

05. 산성의 입지조건 ········································· 180

【근세 도시의 성장】······································· 181

 

제11강. 서원건축 ········································ 183

01. 서원의 유래 및 배경 ······································ 186

[백운동서원(소수서원)] [남계서원] ······························ 187

02. 서원 건축의 원리 ······································· 188

03. 서원 건축의 사례 ······································· 190

【도산서당】·········································· 191

[옥산서원] [필암서원] ····································· 193

[도동서원 배치도 및 중정당] ································· 194

【 한국의 서원(유네스코 세계유산)】······························ 196

 

제12강. 주거건축(태동기~고대) ·································· 197

01. 태동기의 주거 건축 ······································ 200

[부여 송국리] [울산(울주) 검단리] [경기 파주 교하리 유적] [경기 여주 흔암리 유적]

[평북 공귀리 유적] [함북 회령군 오동 유적] ························· 203

【난방방식의 변천】······································· 204

【凸(철)자형, 呂(여)자형(철기)】································ 207

【고상식】 : 청동기 발생, 철기 확산 【대벽(⼤壁) 건물】······················ 209

02. 고대건축기의 주거 건축 ····································· 212

[몽촌토성 쪽구들] [부소산성 수혈주거지] ···························· 212

[안학3호분(동수묘)] [쌍영총] [집안현 동대자 주택 유적] ··················· 213

【삼국사기 옥사조(屋舍條)】··································· 215

 

제13강. 주거건축(중세) ····································· 217

01. 고려시대 주거 건축 ······································ 220

[채분화와 칸분화] [욱실과 양청] [풍수지리설] [온돌] ······················ 221

02. 조선시대 주거 건축 ······································ 222

【아산 맹씨행단】 【조선의 가사제한】······························ 223

[형국론] [양동 서백당] [하회마을 양진당] ··························· 227

【16~17C 정자건축】····································· 228

【보길도 윤선도 원림】······································ 230

【세연지의 지안형태 그리고 ‘오입삼출(五⼊三出)’과 ‘고입저출(⾼⼊低出)】············· 232

【경주 양동마을】········································ 233

【경주 양동마을 향단】······································ 236

 

제14강. 주거건축(중세) ····································· 239

01. 조선시대 주거 건축(~계속) ·································· 242

[거주지 4조건] [씨족마을의 배치] [주택의 구조] ······················· 243

【20C초(일제강점기) 조선 민가 건축】······························ 247

【씨족마을(동족마을, 동성마을, 집성촌, 문중마을)】······················· 249

【양택삼요(陽宅三要)】····································· 252

【지역별 민가의 구조】 【제주 민가】······························· 253

【제주 민가의 특징】······································· 254

【조선 중·후기의 상류층 가옥】·································· 258

【경주 양동 독락당】······································· 264

【창덕궁 낙선재 일원(Nakseonjae Complex)】························ 270

【창덕궁 연경당】········································ 272

 

제15강. 능/원/묘, 사직, 정원 건축 ································ 275

01. 능/원/묘 ············································· 278

【고대사회의 무덤】······································· 280

【고구려 고분 벽화】······································· 283

【신라의 무덤】········································· 284

【조선왕릉의 분포】······································· 287

【조선 왕릉과 대한제국 황제릉의 기본 구성】·························· 288

【정자각(丁字閣)】······································· 290

【일자각(⼀字閣 or ⽇字閣)】 : 홍릉, 유릉 ··························· 291

【시대별 왕릉의 특징】······································ 292

【조선왕릉의 종류】······································· 294

【조선 사대부의 묘제】······································ 295

【종묘의 연혁(沿⾰)】······································ 297

【종묘 영녕전(永寧殿)】····································· 302

【종묘 정전(正殿)】······································· 303

【관왕묘】··········································· 304

【왕실사당】·········································· 306

【전주 조경단】········································· 309

02. 사직(社稷) ············································ 310

03. 정원 건축 ··········································· 314

【식석, 석함(괴석대) vs. 소전대, 예감】····························· 315

【조선의 정원 주관 관청】 【차경(借景), 누정(樓亭) 그리고 누정의 경관처리기법】········ 317

【경주월지, 경주동궁】····································· 319

【연지와 중도】········································· 320

 

제16강. 고구려 고분 ······································· 321

01. 고구려 고분 사례 ······································· 323

02. 고구려 고분의 비교 분석 ··································· 336

 

제17강. 근대건축 ········································ 337

01. 개화기의 근대 건축(1876~1905) ······························· 341

[덕수궁(경운궁)내 건물] ···································· 354

【덕수궁】··········································· 356

【19세기말 이후 서양 건축양식의 국내유입과정에서 표출된 한계점】··············· 358

【벽돌(조적조)의 연혁 및 구조】································ 361

【19세기~20세기 초에 활동한 건축장인】··························· 364

02. 한일강제병합(경술국치 1910) 전후의 근대 건축(1906~1925) ·············· 366

【조선총독부청사와 경성부청(舊서울시청)】···························· 370

【1920년대 후반 이후 한식 철도역사와 서양식 철도역사】···················· 371

03. 식민 지배하의 근대 건축(1923~1945) ···························· 374

【한국의 근대 건축가와 근대 건축물】····························· 377

【일제강점기의 근대건축, 교육기관, 건축잡지】·························· 380

【일제강점기의 근대건축】··································· 381

【시대별 건축 주관관청】····································· 386

 

 

chap.Ⅱ 기타 387

제1강. 목조건물의 부재명칭 ···································· 389

01. 도리집의 부재 명칭 ······································ 392

02. 익공 가구의 부재 명칭 ····································· 396

03. 주심포 가구의 부재 명칭 ··································· 397

04. 다포 가구의 부재 명칭 ····································· 398

 

제2강. 목조건물의 특징 ····································· 399

01. 고려 시대 ··········································· 402

【봉정사극락전, 부석사무량수전, 수덕사대웅전의 비교】····················· 409

02. 조선 초기 ··········································· 412

03. 조선 중기 ··········································· 424

04. 조선 후기 ··········································· 432

【도랑주】 【비대칭 구조】····································· 434

05. 중요사항 ············································· 437

06. 치목기법 ············································· 438

 

제3강. 단청 ············································ 441

 

제4강. 기타(1) ·········································· 457

01. 척도(용척, scale) ········································ 460

02. 통일신라 탑 ·········································· 464

03. 고려 탑 ············································· 466

04. 첨성대 ············································· 468

05. 주심포계의 부재명칭 ······································· 470

06. 다포계의 부재명칭 ········································ 471

07. 익공계의 부재명칭 ········································ 472

08. 포의 조립 ··········································· 473

09. 깍기기법(치목기법) ······································· 474

10. 쌍창(겹창)의 구조 ········································ 476

11. 주두의 변천 ·········································· 476

12. 축성방법(토성) ·········································· 477

13. 외기(도리) ············································ 477

14. 익공 ·············································· 478

15. 낙양 ·············································· 479

16. 귀틀마루(우물마루) ······································· 480

 

제5강. 기타(2) ·········································· 483

01. 강회피기 ············································· 486

02. 목재연륜연대측정법 ······································ 487

03. 귀솟음 ············································· 488

04. 안쏠림 ············································· 489

05. 주장첨차 ············································· 490

06. 박공과 서까래의 결구 ····································· 490

07. 회첨 ·············································· 491

08. 절병통(모임지붕) ········································ 492

09. 양성바름 ············································· 492

10. 초가지붕 ············································· 493

11. 너와지붕 ············································· 493

12. 목조계단 ············································· 494

13. 헌함(난간마루) ·········································· 494

14. 쪽매이음 ············································· 495

15. 계자난간 ············································· 497

16. 기둥의 종류 ·········································· 497

17. 평사량가 ············································· 498

18. 팔작지붕과 맞배지붕의 구조 ··································· 498

19. 집부사 ············································· 499

20. 귀서까래의 구조 ········································· 500

21. 선자연의 작도 ········································· 500

22. 추녀곡 ············································· 502

23. 멍에창방과 연두창방 ······································· 503

24. 상투기둥 ············································· 504

25. 부뚜막 아궁이 ········································· 505

26. 함실 아궁이 ·········································· 505

27. 아궁이 후렁이 ········································· 505

28. 구들의 시공 ·········································· 506

29. 명동성당의 구조(2020년도 한국건축구조 문제4 관련) ···················· 510

 

제6강. 기타(3) ·········································· 511

01. 소로 ·············································· 514

02. 모임지붕 ············································· 516

03. 해인사 장경판전 ········································· 518

04. 홍살문의 구조 ········································· 520

05. 포작(첨차수) ··········································· 521

06. 20C초(일제강점기) 조선 민가 건축 ······························ 522

07. 감주법(減柱法)과 이주법(移柱法) ······························· 524

08. 양택론(陽宅論)과 공(⼯)자 평면 ································· 526

09. 판대공의 결구 ········································· 527

10. 고미반자 ············································· 528

11. 법주사 팔상전 ········································· 529

12. 내진원주(內診圓柱), 외진방주(外陣⽅柱) ···························· 532

13. 비대칭 구조 ·········································· 536

14. 석교(⽯橋) ············································ 538

15. 장곡사 상대웅전 ········································· 540

16. 행공(첨차) ············································ 542

 

제7강. 고식(古式)의 정리 ···································· 545

 

 

chap.Ⅲ 익공구조 571

01. 익공구조의 시공 ········································· 573

02. 부재의 결구 및 사면도 ····································· 581