장애와 미술사

이 책은 미술사와 장애학에 관한 학제 간 연구를 다룬 최초의 책이다. 미술사학자들은 전통적으로 장애가 있는 인물의 이미지와 장애인 예술가의 예술 작품에 대해 기술해 왔지만, 장애학 연구 분야를 통합하지는 않았다. 반면 많은 장애학 연구자들은 예술 작품을 논의하지만 반드시 미술사 연구와 방법론을 통합하지는 않았다. 이 책의 각 장에서는 주로 20세기의 다양한 스타일과 시기에 걸쳐 장애인 인물의 사회적 모델과 표현을 고려함으로써, 미술사에서 종종 철저히 검토되었던 장애의 의료 모델에서 벗어나는 것을 강조한다. 다루는 주제에는 눈에 보이는 장애와 보이지 않는 장애; 장애에 대한 과학적, 인류학적, 토속적 이미지; 그리고 보기(looking)/응시하기(staring)와 바라보기(gazing)의 이론과 의미가 포함된다. 또한 예술이 장애에 어떻게 반응하고, 상상하고, 때로는 고정관념을 가지고 병리화하는지 탐구한다. 이 책에서 제공하는 통찰력은 장애에 대한 이해를 역사적으로, 그리고 의학, 문학, 시각 문화의 관점에서 맥락화한다.

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역자 서문 / 3

머리말 / 5

도움을 주신 분들 / 7

감사의 말 / 11

장애와 미술사 개요 ··························································································· 23

Ann Millett-Gallant and Elizabeth Howie

1 예술가와 뮤즈

수잔 하바지 페이지(Susan Harbage Page)의 “피터의 세상”과 다른 사진들 ············· 41

Ann Millett-Gallant

2 착취, 폄하, 혐오

장애에 대한 현대 미술의 편향된 해석에 저항하기 ················································· 65

Nina Heindl

서론 ··················································································································65

장애 관련 현대 미술의 논란성(Transgressiveness)과 모호성 ···································66

Übermensch: 정신적으로 우월하고 신체적으로 장애가 있음 ····································70

Freakstars 3000: 지적장애 배우들의 열광(freaking out) ········································78

결론 ··················································································································85

3 결합은 없다

시각 장애인 모체(Moche) 샤먼의 영적 고양 ························································· 91

Rebecca R. Stone

모체 문명 ··········································································································96

결론 ················································································································107

4 신성한 장애

메소아메리카 미술사에서 진단(diagnosis)에 대한 비평 ········································· 111

William T. Gassaway

서론 ················································································································111

크기 혹은 관점의 문제? ·····················································································113

과학과 인문학: 형제인가 먼 사촌인가? ································································128

결론 ················································································································132

5 마가렛 버크-화이트의 사진에서의 차이와 장애 ················································· 143

Keri Watson

6 제2차 세계대전 이후 사진 속 장애 재현 ·························································· 165

Timothy W. Hiles

시각적 구조를 통한 “타자”의 격리 ·······································································166

시각 언어: “타자”와 열린 형식 통합하기 ······························································173

정상(the norma)의 확장: “타자(the other)”와 “도발자(the provocateur)”를 해체하기 ···181

맥락과 결론 ·······································································································189

7 현대 예술의 거울로 비춰본 제1차 세계대전의 장애인 참전용사

오토 딕스(Otto Dix)의 회화 〈The Cripples〉(1920)가 야엘 바르타나(Yael Bartana)의

영화 〈Degenerate Art Lives〉(2010)에서 수용된 방식 ········································· 195

Anne Marno

8 장애화된 초현실주의

현대 예술에서 초현실주의적 은유(tropes)를 재구성하다 ········································ 215

Nina Heindl

사마귀, 우아한 시체, 그리고 리사 부파노 ·····························································219

묶는 끈, 손가락, 발가락: 초현실주의 사진과 춘샨 (샌디) 이 ···································226

벨머(Bellmer)와 즈미예프스키(Zmijewski)의 마네킹과 사지 ···································240

결론 ················································································································246

9 댄디 빅토리아인

잉카 쇼니바레(Yinka Shonibare)의 장애와 패싱(passing)의 알레고리 ····················· 251

Elizabeth Howie

일기 ·················································································································260

댄디 ·················································································································266

댄디즘, 인종, 장애 ·····························································································269

장애에 대한 빅토리아 시대의 태도 ·······································································274

인종, 장애, 미술사 ·····························································································276

패싱 ·················································································································277

구성된 정체성 ····································································································282

10 장애 섹슈얼리티를 만들어내기

노미 램의 “불의 벽”의 시각적 언어 ···································································· 291

Shayda Kafai

찾아보기 / 310